The aluminum-air battery is a promising energy storage technology, known for its high specific energy of 300 to 400 Wh/kg and its environmentally friendly characteristics. This type of battery has gained attention due to its potential in various applications, including electric vehicles and marine systems.
**Aluminum-Air Battery - Working Principle**
Similar to zinc-air batteries, the aluminum-air battery operates using aluminum as the anode, oxygen from the air as the cathode, and either potassium hydroxide (KOH) or sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as the electrolyte. During discharge, aluminum reacts with oxygen from the atmosphere, forming aluminum oxide and generating electrical energy. The development of this battery has been rapid, with successful applications in electric vehicles showing great promise for future use.
**Aluminum-Air Battery - Construction Features**
In a single cell, aluminum serves as the negative electrode, while oxygen acts as the positive electrode. On both sides of the battery, auxiliary air electrodes are present. The operation of the battery consumes only aluminum and a small amount of water, making it a sustainable option.
**Key Features of Aluminum-Air Batteries:**
**Higher Energy Density**
The theoretical specific energy of an aluminum-air battery can reach up to 8100 Wh/kg. Although current models achieve around 350 Wh/kg, this is still significantly higher than traditional batteries—about 7-8 times that of lead-acid batteries, 5.8 times that of nickel-metal hydride, and 2.3 times that of lithium-ion batteries. This means that vehicles equipped with aluminum-air batteries can travel much farther on a single charge. For example, some electric vehicles in California have achieved a driving range of over 1600 km by replacing the aluminum electrode.
**Lighter Weight**
Compared to lead-acid batteries, aluminum-air batteries are much lighter. A 13.5 kWh lead-acid battery weighs about 375 kg, while an equivalent aluminum-air battery weighs just 45 kg—only 12% of the weight. This reduction in mass not only improves vehicle efficiency but also allows for more cargo space or extended driving range.
**Safe and Recyclable**
Aluminum is non-toxic and easily recyclable without causing environmental harm. It is abundant and relatively inexpensive to produce, with low recycling costs. Additionally, the ability to replace the aluminum electrode makes charging more convenient, addressing one of the main limitations of this battery type.
Despite its advantages, the aluminum-air battery has some drawbacks, such as lower power density, slower charge/discharge rates, voltage lag, and higher self-discharge. Thermal management systems are often required to prevent overheating during operation.
**Aluminum-Air Battery - Marine Applications**
In 1991, China introduced a new type of battery called the marine battery, which uses aluminum, air, and seawater as its energy source. This battery provides a clean, long-lasting, and reliable power supply for marine equipment.
Previously, marine navigation lights relied on either disposable batteries like zinc-manganese or zinc-silver batteries, which were bulky and expensive, or rechargeable batteries like lead-acid or nickel-cadmium, which required frequent maintenance. The marine battery eliminates these issues by using aluminum alloy as the anode, a metal mesh (such as platinum or iron) as the cathode, and seawater as the electrolyte. Seawater contains dissolved oxygen, which reacts with the aluminum to generate electricity.
To maximize oxygen absorption, the cathode is designed as a porous mesh structure. The battery itself does not contain an electrolyte or active material, so the aluminum electrode remains stable in the air and can be stored for long periods. When placed in seawater, it becomes active and delivers 20 to 50 times more energy than a dry cell. With a lifespan of over a year, it reduces the need for frequent battery replacements. Even when replaced, only an aluminum plate is needed, making it cost-effective and versatile for deep-sea applications. As a pollution-free energy solution, the marine battery is becoming a key player in modern maritime systems.
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