Plastic is made up of a synthetic resin as the primary component, along with various additives in appropriate quantities. These components work together to determine the overall performance and characteristics of the final product.
(1) Synthetic Resin
Synthetic resins are polymer compounds formed through the polymerization of low-molecular-weight substances such as polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, or phenolic resins. When heated, the resin becomes soft, allowing other ingredients to be mixed and bonded together. The properties of plastic—such as its physical, chemical, mechanical, and electrical characteristics—are largely determined by the type and amount of resin used. The resin content in plastic typically ranges from 40% to 100%, depending on the application.
(2) Additives
Additives, also known as plasticizers or compounding agents, are essential chemicals added to improve the processing behavior of polymers during manufacturing or to enhance the inherent properties of the resin. Common types of additives include fillers, plasticizers, stabilizers, lubricants, colorants, and curing agents. There are hundreds of different additives available, with thousands of variations in formulation. The choice and use of these additives must take into account factors such as the intended application, processing methods, product requirements, and compatibility with other materials.
(3) Application-Specific Considerations
The selection of additives is often influenced by the specific use of the final product. Different applications may impose strict requirements on the appearance, odor, durability, electrical performance, thermal resistance, weatherability, and even toxicity of the additives. For example, food-grade plastics must meet stringent safety standards, while industrial plastics may prioritize strength and heat resistance. Therefore, the design and formulation of plastic materials require careful consideration of all these factors to ensure optimal performance and compliance with industry regulations.
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