Solar power can be divided into two main categories: solar thermal power generation and photovoltaic power generation. When people talk about solar power, they usually refer to photovoltaic power generation, often simply called "PV." Photovoltaic power generation uses the photovoltaic effect at the semiconductor interface to directly convert light energy into electrical energy. The core component of this technology is the solar cell. These cells are combined in series and packaged into large-area solar modules, which are then integrated with power controllers and other components to create a complete photovoltaic power generation system.
In theory, photovoltaic power generation can be applied in almost any situation requiring electricity, ranging from powering spacecraft to household appliances, megawatt-scale power stations, and even small devices like toys. The fundamental elements of solar photovoltaic power generation include solar cells, such as monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, and thin-film batteries. Monocrystalline and polycrystalline cells dominate the market, while amorphous cells are commonly used in smaller systems and auxiliary power sources for calculators. Domestic Chinese crystalline silicon cells typically have efficiencies between 10% and 13%, while global efficiency for similar products generally ranges from 12% to 14%. A solar panel made up of one or more solar cells is referred to as a photovoltaic module. Photovoltaic power generation products are primarily used in three areas: providing power for non-electric environments, powering everyday electronic devices such as solar chargers, streetlights, and lawn lights, and even supporting larger-scale projects. While these applications have been widely adopted in developed countries, grid-connected photovoltaic power generation in China did not begin full-scale promotion until after 2009. However, some events during the 2008 Beijing Olympics were powered by solar and wind energy.
Experts predict that photovoltaic power generation will play a critical role in global energy consumption in the 21st century. Not only will it replace some traditional energy sources, but it may also become the dominant source of energy supply worldwide. By 2030, renewable energy is expected to account for over 30% of the total energy mix, with photovoltaic power generation contributing more than 10% to global electricity supply. By 2040, renewables could make up more than half of all energy consumption, with photovoltaics accounting for over 20% of total electricity production. By the end of the 21st century, renewables might represent more than 80% of the energy structure, with solar power contributing over 60%. These projections highlight the promising future of the photovoltaic industry and underscore its crucial role in the global energy landscape.
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