1. Reduce total energy demand
According to statistics, in developed countries, heating and cooling energy consumption accounts for as much as 65% of the total building energy use. In China, the growth rate of energy used for heating, air conditioning, and lighting has been significantly higher than that of energy production. Therefore, reducing the energy used for cooling, heating, and lighting is a crucial step in lowering overall building energy consumption. This can be achieved through several key areas.
1.1 Architectural Planning and Design
With growing concerns about global energy and environmental issues, new design concepts have emerged, such as micro-row buildings, low-energy buildings, zero-energy buildings, and green buildings. These approaches require architects to take an integrated design approach, working closely with energy analysts, environmental experts, and engineers. During the planning and design phase, buildings are designed to take advantage of local climate conditions, using natural elements like wind, water, vegetation, and topography to create a comfortable indoor environment and reduce reliance on mechanical systems. Key strategies include selecting an optimal site, designing the building’s shape and orientation to improve airflow and solar gain, and optimizing internal space layouts. Advanced software tools, such as Tianzheng Building (II) for shadow simulation or CFD programs like PHOENICS and Fluent, help optimize these designs for better thermal comfort and energy efficiency.
1.2 Building Envelope
The building envelope—comprising roofs, walls, windows, insulation, and shading—plays a critical role in energy performance, indoor air quality, and occupant comfort. Although the cost of improving the envelope is only 3–6% of total construction costs, it can lead to energy savings of up to 40%. Enhancing the thermal performance of these components helps reduce heat gain in summer and heat loss in winter. This can be done by using advanced materials, such as thermally responsive walls or smart glazing. Based on local climate data and energy modeling software like DOE-2.0, designers can optimize the envelope structure for maximum efficiency. A thorough technical and economic evaluation ensures the most sustainable and cost-effective solution.
1.3 Improve End-User Energy Efficiency
Energy-efficient HVAC systems can further reduce heating and cooling loads. This includes using heat pump systems, energy storage, and district heating and cooling solutions. Smart energy management systems monitor and adjust indoor conditions, ensuring both comfort and efficiency. For example, European countries use sensors to measure temperature, humidity, and sunlight, then predict HVAC loads using dynamic models. Similarly, energy-certified appliances, like ENERGY STAR products in the U.S. or those meeting minimum energy performance standards (MEPS) in Australia, help reduce overall energy use in buildings.
1.4 Improve Overall Energy Efficiency
Energy losses occur throughout the process from primary energy sources to end-use in buildings. To address this, a whole-system approach is needed, covering everything from energy extraction to final use. Using more efficient energy sources, such as natural gas instead of electricity, and adopting second-generation energy systems like combined heat and power (CHP) or combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP), can maximize energy efficiency and reduce environmental impact.
2. Use of New Energy
New energy plays a vital role in energy conservation and environmental protection. It refers to unconventional renewable sources such as solar, geothermal, wind, and biomass energy. Solar energy, for instance, has seen significant development. Technologies like solar thermal power generation, photovoltaic systems, and solar water heaters are becoming more mature. Countries like the U.S., Israel, and Australia are investing in large-scale solar projects. Geothermal energy can be used for heating or electricity generation, while wind power is ideal for coastal areas. Natural ventilation is also a common and effective way to utilize wind in buildings. Despite progress, the scale of new energy adoption remains limited, and more research and investment are needed to improve its commercial viability and efficiency.
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