The head of a prominent photovoltaic company recently revealed that the U.S. "double-reverse" initiative aims to target all components manufactured in China, effectively closing the door on Chinese solar exports. This move signals an escalation in trade tensions within the global solar supply chain, as both the upstream and downstream sectors continue to face scrutiny.
On January 20, China’s Ministry of Commerce announced its final decision on anti-dumping investigations into solar-grade polysilicon imports from the U.S. and South Korea. Just three days later, the U.S. Department of Commerce launched new anti-dumping and countervailing duty investigations on Chinese photovoltaic products exported to the U.S., intensifying the ongoing conflict.
Following this, on January 24, China's Ministry of Commerce released preliminary findings regarding imported solar-grade polysilicon from the European Union. It concluded that the EU-sourced polysilicon was being dumped and had caused significant harm to the Chinese industry. However, no temporary anti-dumping measures were imposed at this stage. According to sources, Germany’s Wacker Chemie, the EU’s largest producer, faced an anti-dumping duty of 21.8% and a countervailing duty of 10.7%, totaling 33.5%. There is still potential for resolution through price commitments between China and the EU.
The U.S. has once again stirred up trade tensions, with the latest anti-dumping and countervailing investigations marking another challenging year for China’s solar industry. In November 2011, the U.S. imposed steep "double-reverse" tariffs on Chinese photovoltaic cells, ranging from 18.32% to 249.96% for anti-dumping duties and 14.78% to 15.97% for countervailing duties. At the time, Chinese companies mitigated these costs by producing in third-party countries, but this strategy is no longer viable now.
This time, the U.S. "double anti-" measures cover nearly all photovoltaic products, not just cells, and include all components made in China. As one industry source explained, “The door is completely shut.†Despite this, there are some silver linings. The domestic solar market in China has grown significantly, which may help cushion the impact of these tariffs.
Chinese officials have expressed serious concerns over the U.S. actions, emphasizing the need for dialogue and cooperation rather than trade barriers. They pointed out that previous U.S. measures in 2011 led to negative consequences, including disruptions in the global solar supply chain and damage to downstream industries. China urged the U.S. to handle the current investigation carefully and avoid further escalation.
Notably, even during China’s anti-dumping investigation on polysilicon imports from the U.S. and South Korea, both countries continued to export goods to China via processing trade, effectively avoiding tariffs. For example, in November 2013, 71% of South Korea’s polysilicon imports came through processing trade, while 98% of U.S. imports followed the same route. This highlights how some countries are leveraging China’s trade mechanisms to bypass restrictions.
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