1 Changes in the amount of trace elements added to pigs
1.1 Changes in the amount of trace elements added to growing pigs
Tables 1 and 6 respectively show the comparison of the trace elements Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn in different growth stages of growing pigs with the statistical results. According to the data in the table, the requirements of the four mineral elements in the six growth stages of NRC growing pigs are decreasing with the increase of pig body weight; the upper limit of the recommended amount of trace elements in growing pigs given by the Code is higher than the NRC requirement. .
It can be seen from Tables 1 to 6 that the amount of trace elements added in each stage of growing pigs exceeds the NRC requirement. The average value of Mn addition in each stage of growing pigs is about 3.1, 7.9, 9.5, 12.7 higher than the NRC requirement. , 14.3, 14.7 times. The coefficient of variation of trace element Zn is the smallest (<33.60%), and the median and mode of each stage are close to the average value, while the coefficient of variation of Cu in 5-120kg growing pig is the largest (67.13%-96.01%), followed by Mn. (36.34%-60%), indicating that the amount of addition of trace elements Cu and Mn in growing pigs is large.
1.2 Changes in the amount of trace elements added to sows
Tables 7 and 8 show the comparison of trace element requirements and data statistics for pregnant and lactating sows, respectively. From the data in the table, the NRC lists the same amount of trace elements in the pregnant and lactating sows. The Code does not give an indication of the upper limit of the amount of trace elements added to pregnant and lactating sows. Statistics show that the amount of trace elements added to pregnant and lactating sows is almost the same, which is consistent with the law of NRC requirements.
It can be seen from Table 7 and Table 8 that the addition amount of Cu and Zn in pregnant and lactating sows is more than twice that of NRC. In the 43 groups of sow feed formula, there are 6 groups of trace elements Zn added in excess of 150 mg/kg. . The addition amount of Fe and Mn is also significantly higher than the NRC requirement. The coefficient of variation of trace element Zn in the lactation stage of the sow is the smallest (<25.00%), but the coefficient of variation in the sow's pregnancy stage is the largest, and the median, mode and average of the amount of Zn added in this stage are larger. . The coefficient of variation of Fe in both stages of the sow is small (<30.00%), and the median, mode and average are the closest. In the sow pregnancy and lactation stage, the median, mode and average of the addition of Cu and Mn are close.
2 Changes in the amount of trace elements added to pigs and their practical significance
The requirements for trace elements in growing pigs and sows given by NRC (1998) are only the minimum requirements to prevent the occurrence of deficiency under the test conditions, and the growth pigs and sows that cannot meet the current high production performance under actual production conditions. In order to meet the needs of its optimal production potential, the “Specifications†(2009) gave a comprehensive range of trace elements based on the comprehensive national standard (2004) and the latest research data, and adhered to “scientific, reasonable and safe. The efficient and effective use of trace elements is more instructive for actual production.
In the statistical formula of 108 groups of growing pigs and 43 groups of sows, the addition of trace elements Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn was generally higher than the recommended amount of NRC (1998). However, there is a complex interaction and antagonism between the absorption and utilization of trace elements in the body. A single increase in the ratio of one or some essential trace elements in animal diets leads to a decrease in feed utilization, an increase in costs, and an environment. Pollution and other issues. Therefore, it is necessary to reasonably add necessary trace elements according to the characteristics of feed ingredients, culture conditions and production methods, and the interaction mechanism of the body on the absorption of Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn, so as to achieve high efficiency.
Table 1 - Table 3 piglet stage, Table 4 - Table 6 growing fattening pig stage and Table 7 - Table 8 pregnant lactating sow stage, the amount of trace elements added in each stage is relatively consistent, indicating that the research and production are mainly based on pigs The physiological digestion characteristics at different stages determine the amount of trace elements added.
In piglets and growing fattening pigs, the amount of Mn added is almost ten times that of NRC, and the median and mode are close to the average. This may be due to the addition of higher doses of Cu and Fe to the diet. In the case of Zn and Zn, in order to prevent the absorption of Mn from being suppressed, a relatively large amount of Mn is added.
In recent years, Li et al. (2001) reported that the addition of high doses of zinc oxide to piglets' diets can alleviate intestinal damage caused by weaning and promote intestinal development. Martinz et al (2004) found that the addition of high doses of zinc oxide to the diet of weaned piglets can increase the MT mRNA abundance and protein levels in the liver, kidney and small intestine mucosa, and promote the body's immune function. Xu Hongbo (2007) reported that adding a certain dose (40, 60 mg/kg) of organic zinc to the diet of weaned piglets with 2000 mg/kg zinc (zinc oxide) could further improve the growth performance of piglets. However, in the statistical growth pig feed formulation, it was not found that the growth performance of the growing pigs was improved by adding high doses of zinc.
3 Conclusion
The above studies showed that the addition of Fe, Cu and Mn in growing pigs exceeded the upper limit of the recommended amount in the "Specifications". The addition of trace elements and Zn in pregnant and lactating sows was also significantly higher than the NRC requirement, indicating the above trace elements. In the production of growing pigs and sows, the addition of both theoretical and practical tests is required to achieve the goal of “scientific, rational, safe and efficient use of trace elements†to promote the continued health and rapidity of the feed industry and aquaculture industry. development of.
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