(1) Management
1. Day and night temperature fluctuations
When the difference between day and night temperatures exceeds 10°C, the incidence of diarrhea in pigs increases by 25%-30%. High humidity levels can significantly worsen this condition. Using wooden flooring or maintaining a warm floor is an effective strategy to manage these temperature variations. Small-scale farmers may also consider using fire for heating when necessary.
2. Overfeeding or underfeeding
In autumn and winter, as temperatures drop, piglets instinctively increase their feed intake to generate body heat and maintain their body temperature. This can lead to malabsorption and diarrhea. Piglets that have recently been weaned may experience stress, leading to reduced appetite or even refusal to eat, which can result in hunger-induced diarrhea.
3. Feeding before weaning
It is recommended to provide at least 600g of piglet feed before weaning. This helps strengthen the gastrointestinal function of the piglets, enabling them to better adapt to post-weaning feeding, especially with plant-based feeds. It also helps build immune tolerance to dietary proteins and reduces allergic reactions to antigens in the feed.
4. Impact of sows
Weaker sows can affect the health of their piglets, making them more prone to diarrhea. Additionally, a decline in the sow’s physical condition can reduce the quality of her milk, which has a significant impact on the health of nursing piglets.
(2) Diet
Autumn is the season when new raw materials become available, such as new corn and soybeans. Understanding the characteristics of these new ingredients is crucial for reducing diarrhea in piglets during this time.
1. New Corn
New corn tends to be very moist, with moisture content often reaching 20%-30% due to cold weather in northern regions during harvest. The maturity of the corn is uneven, particularly in different parts of the same ear, which can lead to immature kernels at the top. This can cause resistant starch, which may contribute to diarrhea in piglets. Drying the corn can reduce the resistance of starch, but it may also affect digestibility.
2. Soybean products
Unprocessed or minimally processed soybeans contain various anti-nutritional factors, including protease inhibitors, lectins, goitrogens, saponins, and phytic acid. These compounds can interfere with digestion and lead to diarrhea. In addition, soybean antigens can trigger allergic reactions in pigs. To address these issues, several treatment methods are commonly used:
1. Heat treatment
Soaking soybeans in hot ethanol (78°C) at a concentration of 65%-70% can significantly reduce their antigenic effects.
2. Hydrolysis treatment
Hydrolysis breaks down soybean proteins into smaller molecules, improving digestibility. By adjusting pH, soluble oligosaccharides, saponins, and phytates can be removed, resulting in a purified product known as soy protein isolate.
3. Fermentation treatment
Fermented soybean meal uses beneficial microorganisms to break down anti-nutritional factors while producing microbial protein. This process enriches the nutritional profile and improves overall feed quality for pigs.
A hydraulic valve is a device used to control the flow and pressure of hydraulic fluid in a hydraulic system. It is typically made up of a valve body, which contains the necessary ports and passages for fluid flow, and a valve spool or poppet, which is responsible for regulating the flow of fluid.
Hydraulic valves can be classified into various types based on their function and design. Some common types include:
1. Directional control valves: These valves control the direction of fluid flow in a hydraulic system. They typically have multiple ports and can be used to control the movement of hydraulic cylinders or motors.
2. Pressure control valves: These valves regulate the pressure of the hydraulic fluid in a system. They can be used to maintain a specific pressure level or limit the maximum pressure.
3. Flow control valves: These valves control the rate of fluid flow in a hydraulic system. They can be used to adjust the speed of hydraulic cylinders or control the flow to different actuators.
4. Check valves: These valves allow fluid flow in one direction while preventing it from flowing back in the opposite direction. They are commonly used to maintain pressure in hydraulic systems or prevent backflow.
Hydraulic valves are essential components in hydraulic systems, as they enable precise control and efficient operation. They are commonly used in various industries, including manufacturing, construction, agriculture, and automotive.
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