(1) Management
1. Day and night temperature fluctuations
When the difference between day and night temperatures exceeds 10°C, the incidence of diarrhea in pigs increases by 25% to 30%. High humidity further worsens this condition. Using wooden floors or providing floor warmth can be effective strategies to manage large temperature differences. For small-scale farmers, using fire for heating during extreme cold periods is also a practical option.
2. Overfeeding or underfeeding
In autumn and winter, as temperatures drop, piglets instinctively increase their feed intake to generate body heat and maintain their core temperature. This can lead to malabsorption and subsequent diarrhea. Additionally, newly weaned piglets may experience stress from weaning, which can reduce their appetite and even cause them to refuse food, leading to hunger-related diarrhea.
3. Feeding before weaning
It is recommended to supplement at least 600g of starter feed per piglet before weaning. This helps strengthen the gastrointestinal system, enabling it to adapt more effectively to post-weaning feeding, especially with plant-based feeds. It also helps build immune tolerance to dietary proteins, reducing allergic reactions to antigens in the feed.
4. Impact of sows
Weaker sows may pass on poor physical conditions to their piglets, increasing the risk of diarrhea. Additionally, a decline in the sow's health can affect milk quality, which has a significant impact on the digestive health of nursing piglets.
(2) Diet
Autumn is the season when new raw materials become available, such as fresh corn and soybeans. Understanding the characteristics of these new ingredients is crucial for preventing diarrhea in piglets during this time.
1. New Corn
New corn tends to have high moisture content, often reaching 20% to 30%, especially since it is harvested in colder northern regions. The uneven maturity of the corn kernels—especially the top and bottom parts of the same ear—can lead to immature grains. These factors contribute to resistant starch, which can cause digestive issues in piglets. Drying the corn may help reduce resistance but can also affect its digestibility.
2. Soybean products
Unprocessed or minimally processed soybeans contain various anti-nutritional factors, such as protease inhibitors, lectins, goitrogens, saponins, and phytic acid. These substances can interfere with digestion and lead to nutrient malabsorption and diarrhea. Additionally, soybean antigens may trigger allergic reactions in pigs. To address these issues, several treatment methods are commonly used:
1. Heating and roasting
Using hot ethanol (78°C) at 65% to 70% concentration significantly reduces the antigenic activity of soybeans.
2. Hydrolysis treatment
Hydrolysis breaks down soybean protein into smaller molecules, reducing its allergenic potential. Adjusting pH levels allows for the removal of soluble oligosaccharides, saponins, and phytates, resulting in a product known as soybean isolate.
3. Fermentation
Fermented soybean meal uses beneficial microorganisms to break down anti-nutritional factors while producing microbial protein. This process enriches and balances the nutritional profile, making it more suitable for piglet diets.
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