1. Overview
The radar antenna has a massive structure measuring 12,000mm in length and 5,000mm in width. It is constructed as a large load-bearing component made from titanium alloy pipes with wall thicknesses ranging between 3 to 6mm. The design is a truss structure assembled from five separate pieces. To reduce the overall weight of the antenna, meet mobility requirements for rapid deployment, and enhance corrosion resistance, the frame was specifically designed using titanium alloy pipes and plate welding techniques. Given that the antenna must endure 12 wind loads, the weight of the antenna itself, and the inertial forces generated during rotation, the successful fabrication of the antenna frame hinges on the effective welding of titanium alloys. This makes the welding process a critical challenge in the entire project.2. Challenges in Titanium Alloy Welding
Welding titanium alloys is notoriously difficult due to several unique properties of the material. Here are some of the main challenges: (1) Titanium is highly reactive chemically and is easily contaminated by air, moisture, grease, or oxide layers. Even at high temperatures above 400°C, it can absorb oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, and carbon, which significantly reduces the ductility and toughness of the weld joint, leading to porosity. Therefore, it's essential to protect not only the molten pool but also the surrounding area up to 400°C. (2) Due to its high melting point, large heat capacity, and poor thermal conductivity, titanium tends to experience grain growth during welding, which can decrease the joint’s ductility. As a result, strict control over the heat input is required, and a low current, fast welding technique is typically used. (3) Hydrogen and residual stress can lead to cold cracking in titanium during welding. Therefore, controlling the hydrogen content in the weld is crucial. For complex structures, post-weld stress relief treatment is necessary to prevent cracking and ensure structural integrity. (4) Titanium has an elastic modulus about half that of steel, making it more prone to significant welding deformation. Correcting such deformations after welding can be very challenging and time-consuming. These factors make titanium alloy welding a complex and demanding process, requiring specialized techniques, precise control, and careful planning to ensure the quality and performance of the final product. For more detailed information, please refer to the attached document or read the 18th issue of *Metalworking (Hot Processing)*.PCR instrument, also known as DNA thermal cycler and gene amplification instrument, is the basic laboratory instrument.
The PCR instrument is mainly used in many fields such as basic research and applied research, such as genetic analysis, sequence analysis, evolutionary analysis, clinical diagnosis, forensic medicine, and so on. With the continuous development of molecular biology, PCR amplification technology has also been popularized and applied.
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