Building waterproofing is a comprehensive and practical engineering technology that plays a crucial role in the use of construction projects. According to the project supervision practice of a number of projects, the author put forward the key points of quality control of building waterproofing for building roofs, basements, toilets and baths, and storage tanks.
The results of the leakage analysis of the waterproofing project by the relevant department showed that the leakage causes 20% to 30% due to poor materials, about 45% to 48% due to rough construction, and 18 due to design problems. From 6% to 26%, the problem of so-called four-leakage (leakage of roof, leakage between toilets, leakage of outer wall, leakage of basement, and basement leakage) of construction waterproof engineering quality has become a common quality problem and should be noticed.
1. Basic control points The waterproof layer is attached to the main structure of the grass-roots level, its quality directly affects the quality of the waterproof layer, the main structure and leveling layer stiffness, flatness, strength, surface slope is accurate, the surface is perfect without sanding, from The moisture content of the skin, seams, and base layers is the basis for ensuring the construction quality of the waterproof layer.
2. Control Points for Waterproof Layer Construction Operating Conditions (1) Climatic Conditions The maturity of construction conditions is directly related to the construction quality. Most of the waterproof works are open-air operations, and the climatic factors are greatly affected. Rainfall, snow, frost, fog, strong wind, and temperatures below 5°C or above 35°C during the construction period will affect the construction quality of the waterproof layer, and it will also hinder the smooth operation of construction workers. Hot melt roll and solvent-based coatings can be applied at temperatures above -10°C. Asphalt, modified bitumen, and high-molecular-weight polymer coils should not be applied below 0°C; asphalt-based coatings, high-molecular-polymer water emulsions Coatings and rigid waterproof layers should not be constructed at temperatures below 5°C; all waterproof layers are not suitable for construction when the temperature exceeds 35°C; dew and dewatering, dust grit below Grade 5, and adhesion to grass-roots levels are contaminated during the hot late summer months. Waterproof construction work is not allowed on the base surface.
(2) Attention should be paid to the materials used for the waterproof layer of the waterproof layer and related layers. The materials used for the waterproof layer must be manufactured with a certificate of conformity and a test report form. At the same time, a waterproof test must be performed before use on the site.
The layers related to the waterproof layer are leveling layer, vapor barrier layer, insulation layer, insulation layer, protective layer, and the like. Waterproof layer construction often cross-operation with related layers, these related levels of construction quality have a great impact on the quality of the waterproof layer, and even directly affect the success or failure of waterproofing projects. Special attention must be paid to supervising the construction of the protective layer, and it must not be damaged or pierced through the waterproof layer.
3. Coil waterproof construction quality control points Sheet waterproof material variety, common construction techniques are hot-glued, hot-melt, self-adhesive, mechanical fixation, embedding and so on. During the construction, the contractor shall inspect the construction unit in strict accordance with construction specification and other construction specification requirements and construction process flow, direction of laying, two layers of coils and coils and layers, and the width and length of the base overlap shall meet the requirements.
When the coils are cold-glued, the glued materials must be prepared according to the properties of the coils. The samples should be sampled and tested in time. They must not be misused or mixed. In this regard, strict control must be exercised.
Strictly control the moisture content of the grass roots to meet the requirements before sticking. Pay attention to the control of detail nodes such as yin and yang angles and reinforcement layers.
4. Quality Control Points for Waterproof Construction of Coating Film Coating waterproof construction is divided into thin coating construction and thick coating construction according to the coating thickness. Whether it is the brushing method used for thin paints or the secondary painting method commonly used for thick paints; it can be made into a cloth by simply coating or coating of the carcass reinforcement (such as glass fiber or chemical fiber). Two coats, two coats, three coats, multiple cloths and multiple coats must be done: the waterproof material specification model meets the design requirements; the operation construction method meets the requirements; the formula of the waterproof coating conforms to the process requirements; the carcass reinforcement material and the applied coating To be correct; construction operating conditions, the temperature of the ingredients, the construction of the ambient temperature (temperature), the amount of time and order of operation of the ingredients, mixing intensity, the number of coating passes (times) must comply with the process requirements. The order of construction must be based on the principle of first high, low first, and first and last.
5. Seal waterproof material construction quality control points Sealing materials are mainly used in modified asphalt and synthetic polymer sealing waterproof material in two major categories; construction methods vary according to the material, sub-cold inlay method and hot irrigation method two.
In order to ensure the quality of construction, supervision and control shall be carried out in several key links such as the first use of construction equipment, batching and mixing, bonding performance tests, and the control of filling and backing materials, as well as construction operations.
The operation of hot-filling method should pay attention to the on-site plasticizing and heating temperature of sealing materials, which is generally 110 to 130°C; the maximum temperature must not exceed 140°C. Note that when using a thermometer to measure temperature, it should be performed at a position about 100mm below the center liquid surface. Plasticizing or heating to the temperature (not lower than 110 °C) should be immediately on-site watering, embedment should be 3 ~ 5mm above the board seam.
The cold-inserted construction is manually operated and embedded from the bottom to prevent the infilling of the dummy filling. Attention must not be paid to the phenomenon of air-mixing. The filling is completed and full and must be performed in sequence, preferably by electric or manual caulking guns.
6. The selection and construction of the protective layer material of the waterproof layer shall be carried out according to the design drawings.
Protective layer construction should pay attention to the protection of the waterproof layer, to do temporary protection measures on the waterproof layer, to prevent breaking the waterproof layer, the waterproof layer construction should be completed as soon as possible next construction process, not to be spaced too long to prevent the waterproof layer material damage.
7. Rigid waterproof layer construction requirements The rigid waterproof layer consists of fine stone concrete waterproof layer, cement mortar waterproof layer, block rigid waterproof layer and waterproof concrete construction. The rigid waterproof layer is very sensitive to the uneven foundation settlement, temperature changes, structural vibration and other factors, so strict requirements on the foundation treatment
The results of the leakage analysis of the waterproofing project by the relevant department showed that the leakage causes 20% to 30% due to poor materials, about 45% to 48% due to rough construction, and 18 due to design problems. From 6% to 26%, the problem of so-called four-leakage (leakage of roof, leakage between toilets, leakage of outer wall, leakage of basement, and basement leakage) of construction waterproof engineering quality has become a common quality problem and should be noticed.
1. Basic control points The waterproof layer is attached to the main structure of the grass-roots level, its quality directly affects the quality of the waterproof layer, the main structure and leveling layer stiffness, flatness, strength, surface slope is accurate, the surface is perfect without sanding, from The moisture content of the skin, seams, and base layers is the basis for ensuring the construction quality of the waterproof layer.
2. Control Points for Waterproof Layer Construction Operating Conditions (1) Climatic Conditions The maturity of construction conditions is directly related to the construction quality. Most of the waterproof works are open-air operations, and the climatic factors are greatly affected. Rainfall, snow, frost, fog, strong wind, and temperatures below 5°C or above 35°C during the construction period will affect the construction quality of the waterproof layer, and it will also hinder the smooth operation of construction workers. Hot melt roll and solvent-based coatings can be applied at temperatures above -10°C. Asphalt, modified bitumen, and high-molecular-weight polymer coils should not be applied below 0°C; asphalt-based coatings, high-molecular-polymer water emulsions Coatings and rigid waterproof layers should not be constructed at temperatures below 5°C; all waterproof layers are not suitable for construction when the temperature exceeds 35°C; dew and dewatering, dust grit below Grade 5, and adhesion to grass-roots levels are contaminated during the hot late summer months. Waterproof construction work is not allowed on the base surface.
(2) Attention should be paid to the materials used for the waterproof layer of the waterproof layer and related layers. The materials used for the waterproof layer must be manufactured with a certificate of conformity and a test report form. At the same time, a waterproof test must be performed before use on the site.
The layers related to the waterproof layer are leveling layer, vapor barrier layer, insulation layer, insulation layer, protective layer, and the like. Waterproof layer construction often cross-operation with related layers, these related levels of construction quality have a great impact on the quality of the waterproof layer, and even directly affect the success or failure of waterproofing projects. Special attention must be paid to supervising the construction of the protective layer, and it must not be damaged or pierced through the waterproof layer.
3. Coil waterproof construction quality control points Sheet waterproof material variety, common construction techniques are hot-glued, hot-melt, self-adhesive, mechanical fixation, embedding and so on. During the construction, the contractor shall inspect the construction unit in strict accordance with construction specification and other construction specification requirements and construction process flow, direction of laying, two layers of coils and coils and layers, and the width and length of the base overlap shall meet the requirements.
When the coils are cold-glued, the glued materials must be prepared according to the properties of the coils. The samples should be sampled and tested in time. They must not be misused or mixed. In this regard, strict control must be exercised.
Strictly control the moisture content of the grass roots to meet the requirements before sticking. Pay attention to the control of detail nodes such as yin and yang angles and reinforcement layers.
4. Quality Control Points for Waterproof Construction of Coating Film Coating waterproof construction is divided into thin coating construction and thick coating construction according to the coating thickness. Whether it is the brushing method used for thin paints or the secondary painting method commonly used for thick paints; it can be made into a cloth by simply coating or coating of the carcass reinforcement (such as glass fiber or chemical fiber). Two coats, two coats, three coats, multiple cloths and multiple coats must be done: the waterproof material specification model meets the design requirements; the operation construction method meets the requirements; the formula of the waterproof coating conforms to the process requirements; the carcass reinforcement material and the applied coating To be correct; construction operating conditions, the temperature of the ingredients, the construction of the ambient temperature (temperature), the amount of time and order of operation of the ingredients, mixing intensity, the number of coating passes (times) must comply with the process requirements. The order of construction must be based on the principle of first high, low first, and first and last.
5. Seal waterproof material construction quality control points Sealing materials are mainly used in modified asphalt and synthetic polymer sealing waterproof material in two major categories; construction methods vary according to the material, sub-cold inlay method and hot irrigation method two.
In order to ensure the quality of construction, supervision and control shall be carried out in several key links such as the first use of construction equipment, batching and mixing, bonding performance tests, and the control of filling and backing materials, as well as construction operations.
The operation of hot-filling method should pay attention to the on-site plasticizing and heating temperature of sealing materials, which is generally 110 to 130°C; the maximum temperature must not exceed 140°C. Note that when using a thermometer to measure temperature, it should be performed at a position about 100mm below the center liquid surface. Plasticizing or heating to the temperature (not lower than 110 °C) should be immediately on-site watering, embedment should be 3 ~ 5mm above the board seam.
The cold-inserted construction is manually operated and embedded from the bottom to prevent the infilling of the dummy filling. Attention must not be paid to the phenomenon of air-mixing. The filling is completed and full and must be performed in sequence, preferably by electric or manual caulking guns.
6. The selection and construction of the protective layer material of the waterproof layer shall be carried out according to the design drawings.
Protective layer construction should pay attention to the protection of the waterproof layer, to do temporary protection measures on the waterproof layer, to prevent breaking the waterproof layer, the waterproof layer construction should be completed as soon as possible next construction process, not to be spaced too long to prevent the waterproof layer material damage.
7. Rigid waterproof layer construction requirements The rigid waterproof layer consists of fine stone concrete waterproof layer, cement mortar waterproof layer, block rigid waterproof layer and waterproof concrete construction. The rigid waterproof layer is very sensitive to the uneven foundation settlement, temperature changes, structural vibration and other factors, so strict requirements on the foundation treatment
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