Abstract Zong Qinghou, chairman of Wahaha Group, recently made a public announcement. He is currently facing a difficult economic economy and high investment costs. Both water and electricity are state-owned monopolies. Water, electricity and construction plants require high fees. In addition to Zong Qinghou, Fu Yao Glass Group Chairman Cao Dewang...
Zong Qinghou, chairman of Wahaha Group, recently made a public announcement. He is currently facing a difficult economic economy and high investment costs. Both water and electricity are state-owned monopolies. Hydroelectricity and construction plants require high costs. In addition to Zong Qinghou, Fu Yao Glass Group Chairman Cao Dewang also said in an exclusive interview with the First Financial News that the US electricity price is half of that of China, and the natural gas price is only one-fifth of that of China. As an important part of energy costs, is China's electricity price high and high? What level is it in the world?
Xu Guangrui, director of industrial research at Huaxia Happiness Industry Research Institute, said in an interview with the First Financial News that China's electricity prices are generally at a relatively reasonable level, which is compatible with the development stage and national conditions. In terms of categories, industrial and commercial electricity prices are at an internationally high level, and residential electricity prices are at a low level. Globally, compared with developed economies such as the United States, Japan, France, and Germany, and developing economies such as Turkey, South Africa, the Philippines, and Vietnam, China's electricity prices are generally at the lower-middle level of the international level.
Lin Boqiang, director of the Energy and Energy Collaborative Innovation Center of Xiamen University, told the First Financial Reporter that China's electricity price is indeed relatively high, but it is not as expensive as online. In Lin Boqiang's view, resource endowments, cross-subsidies, inadequate competition, and rapid expansion of the power industry are the main factors.
According to data released by the National Energy Administration last month, from January to November 2016, the total electricity consumption in China was 5.38 trillion kWh (degrees). In other words, if the price per kWh drops by 0.01 yuan, the national electricity bill will be reduced by 53.8 billion yuan.
Many factors have caused higher electricity prices
In the context of US President-elect Trump's efforts to promote manufacturing returns, tax-reduction expectations and low-cost energy have also spurred many Chinese entrepreneurs. Is the electricity price in the US really cheaper than China?
The first financial reporter inquired about the data of the US Energy Information Administration (EIA) that the average annual sales price in the United States in 2015 was 10.42 cents per degree, and according to the data released by Shi Zihai, the director of the price department of the National Development and Reform Commission, this value of China is 10. Cents (calculated by US dollar to RMB exchange rate of 6.68, the same below).
At first glance, China's electricity price is cheaper than that of the United States, but in terms of classification, the US industrial and commercial electricity price is indeed cheaper than China.
The data shows that the United States has the highest electricity price, with an average of 12.7 cents per degree, compared with 8.4 cents in China; for commercial electricity, the average price in the United States is 10.6 cents per degree, and in China it is about 12 cents; The price of industrial electricity in the United States is 7 cents, and in China it is about 10 cents. In addition, the proportion of household electricity consumption, commercial electricity, and industrial electricity in the United States is 37.5%, 36%, and 26.5%, respectively, while in China, it is 13.1%, 21%, and 60.5%, respectively.
It can be seen from the above data that the horizontal structure of sales electricity prices in the United States is contrary to that of China. The general industrial and commercial prices in China are the highest, the prices of large industrial electricity are in the middle, and the prices of residents and agricultural electricity are the lowest. The main reason for this situation is that industrial and commercial users have undertaken cross-subsidization for residents and agricultural electricity.
Xu Guangrui said that cross-subsidy stems from the country's trade-off between developing the economy and safeguarding people's livelihood. Objectively, the electricity market belongs to a monopoly market. It is a variety of power generation companies that sell electricity to residents and enterprises through power grid companies and distribution network companies. According to the pure market behavior, the industrial power load is large, the voltage level is high, and the voltage level of the residential electricity is low, and the transmission line loss is large, which means that the industrial electricity price with the electricity consumption ratio exceeding 60% should be cheaper, in Europe and America. This is the case in countries. However, the government has implemented cross-subsidization between industrial and commercial users, urban users, rural users, and similar users for the sake of safeguarding people's livelihood and social stability. These non-market behaviors ultimately lead to low electricity prices and low agricultural electricity consumption. .
In addition, the reason why China's industrial and commercial electricity prices are relatively high is not related to the power supply method to a certain extent.
Xu Guangrui told the First Financial Reporter that China's power generation has long been dominated by coal, and thermal power generation accounts for about 80% of the long-term. At the same time, due to the imperfect coal-fired price linkage mechanism and the persistence of cross-subsidization, China's industrial and commercial electricity prices are relatively high. . While the US power generation is dominated by natural gas, and after the shale gas revolution, natural gas prices have fallen sharply, which has greatly reduced power generation costs.
Due to different resource endowments and policy orientations, there are large differences in the on-grid tariffs and sales electricity prices in various regions of China.
In terms of on-grid tariffs, the National Energy Administration data shows that, in the case of relatively high coal-fired units, the average on-grid tariff in Guangdong was the highest at 504.76 yuan/kWh in 2015, and the lowest in Mengxi was 157.32 yuan/kWh. From the five key regions of Shandong, Mengxi, Jiangsu, Henan and Guangdong, the average on-grid price in 2015 was 376.02 yuan / thousand kWh.
In terms of sales price, from the perspective of enterprises, in 2015, China Southern Power Grid Corporation had the highest average selling price of 667.27 yuan/kWh; Inner Mongolia Power Company had the lowest price of 420.77 yuan/kWh. According to the situation of various provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities), the average selling price of electricity in Shenzhen is the highest at 807.88 yuan/kWh; the lowest in Qinghai is 381.37 yuan/kWh.
It is worth noting that, from the overall level of the country, the average sales price of power grid enterprises in 2015 decreased by 0.57%.
The gap between the general industrial and commercial electricity prices in the two regions with the highest and lowest national average sales price is not small.
The average selling price of electricity in Shenzhen is the highest. The peak, flat and valley prices of general industrial and commercial electricity that began to be implemented in June 2016 are 1.1627 yuan, 0.8755 yuan and 0.3011 yuan respectively.
In Qinghai, where the average selling price is the lowest, the general industrial and commercial power is divided into 100 kVA and above users and users below 100 kVA. Among them, the prices of peak, flat and valley for users of 100 kVA and above are 0.9401 yuan, 0.5941 yuan and 0.2481 yuan respectively; the prices of peaks, flats and valleys for users below 100 kVA are 0.9527 yuan per degree respectively. , 0.6501 yuan and 0.3475 yuan.
In addition to the geographical gap, the cost of electricity for different types of enterprises is also high. Taking thermal power as an example, thermal power accounts for about 72% of China's power system, and about 60% of its cost comes from coal. The rest is investment cost and operating costs. The cost of electricity for high-energy-consuming enterprises such as steel and cement will naturally be higher. .
Lin Boqiang also told the First Financial Reporter that the current high electricity price in China is also related to the rapid expansion of power plants. "There are so many new power plants built up at the moment. These power plants now need to repay their debts. The time is about 40~50 years. Now It is very cheap after the price is very expensive."
Experts call for surcharges to be timely
There is also a part of the industrial and commercial electricity price, which is not included in the cost of the collection, that is, the electricity price surcharge.
According to Lin Boqiang, the surcharges mainly include government funds and additional funds. There are 5 national surcharges, including the national major water conservancy project construction fund, the reservoir resettlement support fund, the rural network repayment fund, and the urban public utilities. Renewable energy tariffs are added. In addition, there are various local funds.
Lin Boqiang said that the rationality of the electricity price surcharge should be considered from a historical point of view. "The original surcharge should be reasonable when it comes out, but after receiving it for so long, it is necessary to assess whether there is any significance. For example, the "Three Gorges Addition", the Three Gorges If you make money, you must remove it in time."
At present, the charging rates for “surcharges†for electricity prices vary across the country. "The surcharge standards in local electricity prices vary widely," Lin Boqiang said.
For example, the current general industrial and commercial electricity price in Sichuan Province contains 6.08 points of surcharge per kWh, including 2 points for rural net repayment funds, 0.7 points for national major water conservancy project construction funds, 1 point for urban public utilities surcharges, and large and medium-sized reservoir immigrants. The post-support fund was 0.83 points, the small reservoir resettlement support fund was 0.05 points, and the renewable energy price was 1.5 points.
Shenzhen City's industrial and commercial electricity price per kilowatt hour includes 2.77 points surcharge, including 0.7 national major water conservancy project construction fund, 1 point for urban public utilities surcharge, 0.83 points for large and medium-sized reservoir resettlement support fund, and 0.05 for small reservoir resettlement support fund. The renewable energy tariff surcharge is 0.19 points.
In Qinghai Province, the industrial and commercial electricity price includes 2.78 points per surcharge, which is 0.4 points for the national major water conservancy project construction fund, 2 points for the urban public utility surcharge, 0.19 points for the large and medium-sized reservoir resettlement support fund, and 0.19 for the renewable energy price. Minute.
For entrepreneurs who complain about high energy costs, the good news is that China's power reform is steadily advancing. According to the data of the National Energy Administration website, the electricity price reform in 2016 has achieved remarkable results, and the annual electricity cost reduction of enterprises has exceeded 100 billion yuan.
The “13th Five-Year Development Plan for Domestic Trade Circulation†jointly issued by the Ministry of Commerce and the Development and Reform Commission in November last year pointed out that the implementation of the same price for industrial and commercial electricity, allowing large domestic trade circulation enterprises to participate in direct electricity trading and commercial users Independently choose to implement the average electricity price of the commercial industry or the peak-to-valley time-of-use electricity price pilot.
A number of industry experts said in an interview with the First Financial News that the move means that commercial logistics with large power consumption enters the electricity sales market and has the opportunity to use electricity at low prices; It can provide low-cost motor meetings and promote power saving.
In April 2015, the National Development and Reform Commission issued a document to reduce the transmission price of some inter-provincial and inter-regional areas, with an average price reduction of 2 cents per kWh, and improve the inter-provincial cross-regional electricity market price mechanism, from electricity transmission and electricity sales. The market entity determines the amount of electricity received and the price through negotiation or bidding. In 2016, the inter-provincial cross-regional power transmission price will be reduced according to the fluctuation of the coal-fired benchmark electricity price in the power-receiving province, which will help reduce the electricity cost of the enterprises in the power-receiving province. In addition to the original plan, the addition of cross-provincial cross-regional electricity consumption through market negotiations can further reduce electricity prices.
Han Xiaoping, chief information officer of China Energy Network, said that the current purchase price has dropped rapidly. Although the industrial electricity price has dropped by two cents per degree under the intervention of the State Council, the direct purchase power has dropped by more than 6 points per degree, but there is room for feedback.
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