One method to address seepage in a backwater embankment is to dig drainage ditches. Starting from the highest point of water seepage, several vertical trenches are excavated perpendicular to the embankment or at an angle of 40 to 60 degrees. These trenches are connected through gutters. Typically, the trench width ranges from 0.3 to 0.5 meters, with a depth between 0.5 and 1.0 meters. The spacing between trenches is usually 6 to 10 meters. The ditches should be lined with filtering materials to prevent collapse and ensure effective drainage. A layered filling of filter material is placed into the excavated area to stabilize the trench walls.
The second technique is reverse filtration. If the embankment has poor soil quality or a small section, large-scale filtration can be applied. First, remove any surface debris from the seepage area, then fill the area in layers according to the filtration requirements. This helps to control the movement of water and reduce internal erosion.
The third approach involves constructing a retaining wall along the river. In areas where seepage occurs, bags filled with clay are placed along the slope to build a front wall. The size of the wall depends on the river depth and the severity of the seepage. Generally, the top of the wall should be 3 to 5 meters wide and extend 1 meter above the water level. Its length should exceed the seepage section by at least 5 meters on both ends. If the river has a fast current, temporary partition walls made of woven fences or sandbags can be constructed before filling with soil.
The fourth method is using geotextiles for interception and drainage. Geotextiles offer excellent impermeability and drainage properties. A non-permeable geotextile is laid on the water-facing side of the embankment to reduce seepage caused by floodwaters. A highly permeable geotextile is placed on the slope of the embankment to allow water trapped within the structure to drain out, effectively "blocking water in the lower row."
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A mini centrifuge is a laboratory equipment that is used to separate samples based on their density and size. It is a compact and portable device that can fit on a benchtop or in a small space. Mini centrifuges are commonly used in molecular biology, biochemistry, and clinical laboratories for various applications such as DNA extraction, protein purification, and cell separation. They typically have a capacity of up to 2 mL and can spin at speeds of up to 15,000 rpm. Mini centrifuges are ideal for small-scale experiments and are often used in educational settings or for fieldwork.
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